Πέμπτη 16 Μαΐου 2019

Visual Guide to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma -Λέμφωμα: Ποια είναι τα συμπτώματα & πώς αντιμετωπίζεται


Tα λεμφώματα είναι καρκίνοι των κυττάρων του λεμφικού συστήματος και κυρίως των λεμφοκυττάρων.
Εμφανίζονται όταν ένα αναπτυσσόμενο λεμφοκύτταρο παρουσιάσει κάποιο γενετικό λάθος (μετάλλαξη). Αυτή η μετάλλαξη το οδηγεί είτε να πολλαπλασιάζεται πιο γρήγορα από το φυσιολογικό, είτε να ζει περισσότερο απ’ ό,τι έπρεπε, χωρίς να ανταποκρίνεται στους κανονικούς φυσιολογικούς ελέγχους.
Το λέμφωμα είναι ο πιο συνηθισμένος αιματολογικός καρκίνος και ο τρίτος πιο συχνός καρκίνος στα παιδιά.
Σύμφωνα με τον Όμιλο Εθελοντών κατά του Καρκίνου «Αγκαλιάζω», υπάρχουν δύο είδη λεμφωμάτων, τα Hodgkin’s (HL) και τα non Hodgkin’s (NHL) λεμφώματα, με πολλές διαφορετικές κατηγορίες (έξι κατηγορίες Hodgkin’s και τουλάχιστον 61 non Hodgkin’s). Τα λεμφώματα Hodgkin’s διαφέρουν από τα non Hodgkin’s στον τρόπο που αναπτύσσονται, στον τρόπο με τον οποίο εισβάλλουν στους γειτονικούς ιστούς και στην αγωγή που χρησιμοποιείται για την καταπολέμηση τους.
Ανάλογα με την ταχύτητα με την οποία αναπτύσσονται τα non Hodgkin’s, χαρακτηρίζονται ως:
- Επιθετικά ενδιαμέσου/υψηλού βαθμού
- Βραδείας εξέλιξης – χαμηλού βαθμού

Πρόληψη – Παράγοντες κινδύνου

Παρ’ όλο που τα πραγματικά αίτια των λεμφωμάτων παραμένουν άγνωστα, ορισμένοι κοινοί παράγοντες φαίνονται να επηρεάζουν τον κίνδυνο εμφάνισης. Η νόσος είναι πιο συχνή σε άτομα με εξασθενημένο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα, καθώς και σε άτομα που εκτίθενται σε περιβαλλοντικά καρκινογόνα, φυτοφάρμακα, ζιζανιοκτόνα, ιούς και ορισμένα βακτήρια.
Παράγοντες κινδύνου ανάπτυξης λεμφώματος είναι οι εξής:
- Οικογενειακό ιστορικό
- Αυτοάνοσα νοσήματα
- Μεταμόσχευση
- Έκθεση σε χημικά, όπως φυτοφάρμακα, για μεγάλα χρονικά διαστήματα.
- Μόλυνση από ιούς, όπως ο Epstein-Barr (που προκαλεί τη λοιμώδη μονοπυρήνωση), HTLV-1, HIV/AIDS, ηπατίτιδα C, ή και κάποια βακτήρια, όπως το ελικοβακτηρίδιο (που προκαλεί έλκος)
Στο σημείο αυτό πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι το να έχεις κάποιον παράγοντα κινδύνου δεν σημαίνει πως κατ’ ανάγκη θα αναπτύξεις λέμφωμα. Στην πράξη, οι περισσότεροι άνθρωποι με παράγοντες κινδύνου δεν εμφανίζουν λέμφωμα. Αντιθέτως, οι περισσότεροι ασθενείς με λέμφωμα δεν έχουν εκτεθεί σε κανένα γνωστό παράγοντα κινδύνου.
Παρ’όλο που δεν είναι γνωστό γιατί αναπτύσσονται τα λεμφωματα, γνωρίζουμε πως δεν είναι δυνατό να οφείλονται σε τραυματισμό και πως δεν είναι μεταδοτικά.

Συμπτώματα

Είναι πολύ σημαντικό ο καθένας μας να γνωρίζει τα συμπτώματα του λεμφώματος, διότι μπορεί να σώσει τη ζωή του. Τα συμπτώματα μπορεί να μοιάζουν με αυτά λιγότερο επικίνδυνων ασθενειών και για αυτόν τον λόγο η διάγνωση είναι μερικές φορές δύσκολη. Από την άλλη, η έγκαιρη διάγνωση είναι πολύ σημαντική, διότι ορισμένες επιθετικές μορφές μπορεί να είναι θανατηφόρες σε μικρό χρονικό διάστημα. Αναγνωρίζοντας λοιπόν νωρίς τα συμπτώματα υπάρχουν καλύτερες προοπτικές για γρηγορότερη διάγνωση, αγωγή και επιβίωση.
Τα συμπτώματα αυτά είναι:
- Διόγκωση των λεμφαδένων σε λαιμό, μασχάλες, τράχηλο, βουβωνική περιοχή
- Πυρετός, ειδικά το βράδυ
- Ρίγη ή αλλαγές στην θερμορύθμιση
- Ανεξήγητη απώλεια βάρους
- Απώλεια όρεξης
- Ασυνήθιστη κόπωση η έλλειψη ενέργειας
- Αναιμία
- Επίμονος βήχας
- Δυσκολία στην αναπνοή
- Επίμονος κνησμός (φαγούρα) σε ολόκληρο το σώμα χωρίς εμφανή αιτία
- Γενικευμένη κούραση
- Διογκωμένες αμυγδαλές
- Πονοκέφαλοι
- Διόγκωση ήπατος και/ή σπλήνα

Διάγνωση

Οι περισσότεροι άνθρωποι που παραπονιούνται για τέτοια συμπτώματα δεν έχουν λέμφωμα. Παρ’ όλα αυτά, είναι πολύ σημαντικό εάν κάποιος έχει συμπτώματα που δεν υποχωρούν, να επισκεφτεί τον γιατρό ώστε να επιβεβαιώσει ότι δεν πάσχει από λέμφωμα ή κάποια άλλη σοβαρή ασθένεια.
Η κλινική εξέταση μπορεί να αποκαλύψει διογκωμένους λεμφαδένες σε διάφορες περιοχές του σώματος. Ο γιατρός προχωρεί σε εξετάσεις αίματος και βιοψία ενός διογκωμένου λεμφαδένα, κατά την οποία ο λεμφαδένας μελετάται στο παθολογοανατομικό εργαστήριο για να ταυτοποιηθεί η νόσος.
Μετά την ταυτοποίηση του, ακολουθεί μια σειρά εργαστηριακών εξετάσεων για να εντοπιστούν τα σημεία της νόσου (στάδιο νόσου). Αυτές οι εξετάσεις μπορεί να είναι:
- Απλές αιματολογικές εξετάσεις
- Απεικονιστικές εξετάσεις (τομογραφία, μαγνητική κ.ά.) ώστε να εντοπιστούν τυχόν άλλοι λεμφαδένες και να ελεγχθεί το συκώτι, ο σπλήνας ή οι πνεύμονες
Ανάλογα με την κρίση του γιατρού, ίσως χρειαστούν πιο ειδικές εξετάσεις, όπως παρακέντηση του μυελού των οστών.

Στάδια λεμφώματος

- Στάδιο I: Περιλαμβάνει μία μόνο ζώνη η περιοχή, συχνά ένα μόνο λεμφαδένα και την περιβάλλουσα περιοχή. Τυπικά δεν παρουσιάζονται συμπτώματα.
- Στάδιο II: Περιλαμβάνει πάνω από μία περιοχή λεμφαδένα σε μια πλευρά του διαφράγματος ή μια ζώνη λεμφαδένα και μια κοντινή περιοχή ή όργανο.
- Στάδιο III: Περιλαμβάνει ζώνες λεμφαδένων και στις δύο πλευρές του διαφράγματος και ένα όργανο η μία περιοχή πλησίον των λεμφαδένων, τον σπλήνα η κάποιο άλλο όργανο ή περιοχή.
- Στάδιο IV: Περιλαμβάνει ένα η περισσότερα όργανα και τον μυελό των οστών ή το δέρμα.

Θεραπεία

Τα λεμφώματα είναι δυνητικά ιάσιμη νόσος. Ο αιματολόγος μπορεί να συστήσει αρκετούς τύπους θεραπειών ή και απλή παρακολούθηση, ανάλογα με τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά της νόσου.
Συνήθως τα λεμφώματα αντιμετωπίζονται με χημειοθεραπεία, ακτινοθεραπεία, βιολογική θεραπεία, με κάποιο συνδυασμό αυτών, μεταμόσχευση ή απλή παρακολούθηση.
Για τα βραδέως εξελισσόμενα NHL μπορεί να μη δοθεί αρχικά κάποια θεραπεία. Είναι η λεγόμενη τακτική «παρατήρηση και αναμονή» («watch and wait»). Εάν δεν υπάρχουν συμπτώματα, ο γιατρός μπορεί να προτιμήσει τη στενή παρακολούθηση του ασθενούς και να δώσει τη θεραπεία όταν πραγματικά θα χρειάζεται.



non hodgkins lymphoma in man's jaw


What Is It?

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer that starts in your body's lymph system. There are a lot of different kinds, and even doctors can have a hard time telling them apart. While it's typically found in older adults, it's still one of the more common cancers in children. It's not always easy to spot, but great strides in finding and treating it means the outlook now is better than ever.






The Lymph System

Think of it as the body's cleaning service. Lymph is a watery liquid that flows between cells and clears out the stuff they don't need anymore. It's carried around in tubes that connect to lymph nodes, which are small bean-shaped filters. These trap waste and germs and help get them out of your body. You have clusters of nodes in your armpits, belly, groin, neck, and pelvis.






Lymphocytes

This is where it starts, with these white blood cells. Lymphocytes called B cells point out germs, and T cells destroy them. When these disease-fighters are done, they should die off. But with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, they grow and divide out of control. As you get more and more of them, your lymph nodes may start to swell. Most often, it's in the B cells where things go wrong.






Early Symptoms

The most common is a swollen lymph node, usually in your armpit, groin, or neck. But these can be painless and easy to overlook. Lymph nodes can also swell when you're fighting an infection, so they're easy to shrug off.

You might also have a fever that won't go away, night sweats that soak your clothes, and weight loss for no reason, and you may be extremely tired.






Symptoms Based on Where It Is

The lymph system runs throughout the body, so lymphoma can appear almost anywhere. In your stomach, you might throw up or feel full after even a small meal. Lymphoma can make your skin itchy or give you red bumps. When it's in your chest, it can hurt and cause trouble breathing. The key is to notice when something's off and check in with your doctor.






Types of NHL

There are more than 30 kinds of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. They differ by whether it starts in B or T cells, how the cells look, and what kinds of genes and proteins they have. Doctors also look at how fast the cancer grows and spreads. Slow ones are called indolent; faster ones, aggressive. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type. It typically comes on in your 60s. It's aggressive but can be cured.






Staging

Your cancer's stage has a big impact on choosing the best treatment. It tells you how advanced the cancer is. At stage I, it's in just one area of lymph nodes. Or it's in one of the lymph system organs, like the tonsils. By stage IV, it's in lymph nodes above and below your diaphragm. That's the thin muscle that separates your chest and belly. It's also in other organs like your liver or lungs.






Staging Letters

An A with the number (as in stage IA) means you have no symptoms.

B means you have fever, night sweats, or have lost some weight.

E stands for extranodal, which means the cancer has spread to tissue just outside some lymph nodes.

An X, also called bulky disease, means you have at least one tumor that's larger than 10 centimeters (about 4 inches, or roughly the width of your palm).






Biopsy

This test tells you for sure if you have cancer. Your doctor removes a swollen lymph node, or part of one, for testing. The doctor who looks at the tissue may be able to tell what type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma you have, too. This is important because your treatment depends on it. But doctors who have less experience with lymphoma can and do get the test results wrong. If you have doubts, ask for a second opinion from a specialist.






Other Tests

These can help your doctor figure out the stage of your lymphoma as well as check on how well your treatment is working. Imaging, like a CT, PET, or MRI scan, looks for traces of cancer in lymph nodes and other parts of your body. Your doctor might do a bone marrow biopsy (taking a sample from your hipbone or breastbone with a needle) to see if cancer has spread into the soft, spongy inner part. You'll likely get blood tests, too.






Wait-and-See Approach

For a slow-growing lymphoma in the early stages, the best treatment may be no treatment at all. These types could go for years without causing any problems. That doesn't mean you ignore it, though. You'll still have regular checkups so you and your doctor can keep a close eye on things. If you have symptoms or it's a more aggressive type, you'll likely need care right away.






Chemotherapy

This common treatment uses medicine to kill cancer cells. You typically get it through pills or an IV, though you could also get a shot. You may also get more than one drug. Each chemo medicine attacks cancer in a different way, so using several can be very effective. Because the drugs act throughout your body, they may cause side effects like hair loss, throwing up, and a higher chance of infections.






Stem Cell Transplant

High-dose chemotherapy can knock out more cancer, but it also wipes out bone marrow, which is where blood cells are made. That's where this treatment comes in. First, your doctor removes and saves some of your young blood cells, called stem cells. (You can also get stem cells from a donor.) When you're finished with chemo, those saved (or new) cells are put into your body to make up for what was lost. It's also called a bone marrow transplant.






Immunotherapy

These treatments rally your immune system to attack the lymphoma. One approach is to use medications called monoclonal antibodies that glom on to cancer cells. They're like signs that say, "These cells are bad! Get rid of them!" And your body takes it from there. Another method uses antibodies with radiation in them. Once they lock onto a cancer cell, the radiation destroys it.






Targeted Therapy

Cancer cells work differently from normal cells. Targeted drugs take advantage of those differences. For example, proteasome inhibitors keep cancer cells from dividing. Kinase inhibitors get in the way of proteins that help cancer cells grow and thrive. Basically, targeted therapies attack only the cancer and spare your healthy cells. The side effects are often less severe than with chemotherapy.






Radiation Therapy

High-energy beams focus on the cancer to kill it. For an early-stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, this may be the only treatment you need. More often though, it's used along with something else, like chemotherapy. Each session lasts only few minutes and doesn't hurt. You typically get it 5 days a week for several weeks.






Survival Rates

Your outlook depends on a lot of things, like the type and stage, as well as your age and overall health. Generally speaking though, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the 5-year relative survival rate is 70%. That means compared to every 10 people who don't have NHL, on average, seven people with NHL are still alive after 5 years. The 10-year relative survival rate is 60%. Keep in mind these numbers are not your story.






After Treatment

Even in the best case, when a cure is possible, cancer takes a toll. The disease is challenging physically and emotionally. You may worry about it coming back. It affects your work life and maybe your finances. This is where a survivorship care plan may help. It's a tool you and your doctors can use to map out what comes next. Yes, it's about follow-ups and tests, but it covers your emotional well-being, too.






Causes

In most cases, doctors just don't know. Age plays a role -- it's most common in people 60 and older. Things that weaken your immune system may raise your odds as well, like a condition you're born with, an organ transplant, or infections including HIV and bacteria related to stomach ulcers called H. pylori. There also seem to be links to chemicals used on insects and weeds, but we need more research.





Prevention

There's really not much you can do. Even the things that we know raise your chances are largely out of your control. It isn't simply a matter of healthy eating, though that can't hurt. Likewise, there's no test to find it early on. The best you can do is keep your eye out for symptoms. And if your risk is greater, keep up with your regular doctor's appointment
s.

SOURCES :WebMD , ONMED.GR


13 ΕΡΩΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΓΕΣΥ

Το ΓεΣΥ προβλέπει ιδιαίτερα χαμηλή κρατική δαπάνη για την φροντίδα υγείας σε σχέση με τις άλλες χώρες της Ευρωπαικής Ενωσης.  Το προτεινόμενο ΓεΣΥ δεν παρέχει τα εχέγγυα για ποιοτική ιατρική στην Κύπρο , εξαιτίας του ανεπαρκούς προυπολογισμού και του λειτουργικού πλαισίου του .





Τρίτη 7 Μαΐου 2019

PEDIAMED: ΣΠΙΡΟΜΕΤΡΗΣΗ

PEDIAMED: ΣΠΙΡΟΜΕΤΡΗΣΗ: Η απλή σπιρομέτρηση είναι η πιο συχνή εξέταση που διενεργεί ο πνευμονολόγος. Γίνεται με τη βοήθεια του σπιρόμετρου, ενός ιατρικού μηχανή...ΔΕΙΤΕ ΤΟ VIDEO

PEDIAMED: ASTHMA

PEDIAMED: ASTHMA: You probably know that asthma is an illness that causes breathing problems. But what happens in the lungs when someone has an asthma fl...WATCH THE VIDEO

ΠΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΖΕΤΑΙ Η ΑΛΛΕΡΓΙΑ ΣΤΟ ΣΧΟΛΙΚΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ (ΑΣΘΜΑ )


7η Μαΐου 2019 - Παγκόσμια Ημέρα για το Άσθμα, αποτελεί λοιπόν μια ημέρα εγρήγορσης και εκπαίδευσης για το συχνό αυτό νόσημα του αναπνευστικού.
Το φετινό μήνυμα περιλαμβάνει το ακρωνύμιο STOP που αναφέρεται σε 4 βασικές αρχές της ορθής διαχείρισης του άσθματος:


1) Την σωστή εκτίμηση των ασθματικών συμπτωμάτων
2) Την αξιολόγηση της απάντησης στη θεραπεία
3) Την παρακολούθηση και επανεκτίμηση και
4) Την προσαρμογή της φαρμακευτικής αγωγής βάσει των ανωτέρω.
Η ορθή διαχείριση του άσθματος είναι ένας εφικτός στόχος που οδηγεί σε βελτίωση της ποιότητας ζωής των πασχόντων αλλά και σε ελάττωση του κόστους για τη δημόσια υγεία που είναι ιδιαίτερα υψηλό όταν δεν αντιμετωπίζεται σωστά. Το μήνυμα αυτό είναι ακόμη πιο σημαντικό για όσους πάσχουν από σοβαρό άσθμα που επηρεάζει σημαντικά την καθημερινή τους ζωή και προβληματίζει τον θεράποντα ιατρό. Με τις νεότερες βιολογικές θεραπείες ο στόχος της επιτυχούς διαχείρισης αυτών των ασθματικών είναι περισσότερο από κάθε άλλη φορά εφικτός.

Λέμε λοιπόν STOP στα σφάλματα στη διαχείριση του άσθματος και
Λέμε ΝΑΙ στην βελτίωση της ποιότητας ζωής των ασθματικών










Πηγή πληροφοριών : allergikos.gr

Κυριακή 5 Μαΐου 2019

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments



What Is Hypertension?


Hypertension is high blood pressure, a very common condition in older adults. Blood pressure is the physical force exerted by the blood as it pushes against the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure readings are written in two numbers separated by a line. The top number represents the systolic blood pressure and the bottom number represents the diastolic pressure. The systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts pushing the blood forward. The diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes.

Normal blood pressure is below 120/80. New guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) published in November of 2017 consider blood pressure elevated between 120/80 and 129/80. High blood pressure or hypertension is now classified as stage 1 if your systolic reading falls between 130 and 139 or your diastolic reading is between 80 and 89. A measure of 140/90 or higher is now considered stage 2 hypertension. A hypertensive crisis is defined as a systolic rate over 180 or a diastolic rate above 120. An elevated blood pressure means that the heart must work harder to pump blood. High blood pressure can also damage the walls of the arteries. Over time, hypertension increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke. It is estimated that one in three adults in America are affected by hypertension.

High blood pressure is more common in older people. At age 45, more men have hypertension than women. By age 65, this is reversed and more women are affected. People with diabetes have a greater risk of hypertension than those without diabetes. Having a close family member with high blood pressure also increases your risk of developing it. About 60% of all people with diabetes also have hypertension.

What Are the Symptoms and Signs of Hypertension?


Hypertension may not produce any symptoms, even if you have had it for years. That’s why it is sometimes referred to as a "silent killer." It’s estimated that 1 out of every 5 people with high blood pressure aren’t aware that they have this major risk factor for strokes and heart attacks. If not properly treated, high blood pressure can damage the heart and circulation, lungs, brain, and kidneys without causing noticeable symptoms. Symptoms of high blood pressure may be present in those who have an extremely high blood pressure. Symptoms of extremely high blood pressure include the following:
Severe headaches
Fatigue
Vision problems
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Irregular heartbeat
Blood in the urine
Pounding in the chest, neck, or ears

What Causes a Hypertension?


Blood pressure is given as a reading of two numbers, such as 110/70. The higher number (systolic) is the pressure when the heart beats. The diastolic, or lower number shows the pressure between the heartbeats, while the relaxed heart is refilling with blood. Normal blood pressure readings are lower than 120/80. The cause of most hypertension is unknown. Occasionally, conditions of the kidney or adrenal gland are the cause of high blood pressure.

There are several factors that may cause high blood pressure, but the exact cause is unknown. The following factors may increase one’s risk for high blood pressure:
Smoking
Overweight or obesity
Lack of physical activity
Too much salt consumption
Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)
Stress
Older age
Genetics
Family history of high blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease
Adrenal and thyroid disorders
Sleep apnea

Early Warning Sign: Elevated Blood Pressure


An elevated blood pressure reading means that your blood pressure falls just above the normal level, corresponding to a systolic pressure between 120 and 129 or a diastolic pressure of 80 or less. The new guidelines eliminate the previous category of prehypertension. About one-fourth of Americans have elevated levels and they have two times the risk of heart disease compared with those who have lower blood pressures. Lifestyle changes can help many people with prehypertension lower their blood pressure.

Causes

Factors that increase your blood pressure can cause elevated levels. Medications such as birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers, and some prescription drugs may cause a temporary rise in blood pressure. The buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis) can also lead to prehypertension. Other conditions that may lead to prehypertension include the following:
Obstructive sleep apnea
Kidney disease
Adrenal disease
Thyroid disease

Symptoms

There are usually no symptoms with elevated blood pressure. The only way to keep track of your blood pressure is to visit your doctor regularly and have your blood pressure checked.

Treatment

If elevated blood pressure levels are accompanied by diabetes, kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease, your doctor may suggest blood pressure medication as well lifestyle changes. If elevated levels are your only condition, lifestyle changes can help prevent blood pressure from rising. The following are lifestyle changes that may help lower blood pressure:
Losing weight if overweight or obese
Eating a healthy, low-salt diet
Exercise regularly
Limit alcohol consumption
Quit smoking

What Is a Malignant Hypertension?


You are considered to have hypertension if your systolic blood pressure measurements are between 130 and 139 or your diastolic measurement falls between 80 and 89. At this level of blood pressure you may not have any symptoms. When blood pressure reaches 180/120 or higher, a serious condition known as a malignant hypertension or hypertension crisis may occur. This can lead to stroke, kidney damage, heart attacks, or loss of consciousness. If you measure your blood pressure and it is this high, rest a few minutes and measure again. If it remains high, call 911.

Malignant Hypertension Causes

High blood pressure is the main cause of malignant hypertension. Skipping doses of blood pressure medications can also lead to malignant hypertension. The following are medical conditions that may cause malignant hypertension:
Kidney disease
Collagen vascular disease
Spinal cord injuries
Tumor of the adrenal gland
Birth control pills
Illegal drugs (cocaine)

Malignant Hypertension Symptoms

The primary symptoms of malignant hypertension is a blood pressure of 180/120 or higher and signs of organ damage. Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include bleeding and swelling of blood vessels in the retina, anxiety, nosebleeds, severe headache, and shortness of breath. Malignant hypertension may cause brain swelling, but this symptom is very rare.

Malignant Hypertension Treatment

Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. Blood pressure medications will be given through an IV, in hopes of lowering blood pressure within minutes. Oral medication will be given once blood pressure has been lowered to a safe level.

What Is a Pulmonary Hypertension?


Abnormally elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation is referred to as pulmonary hypertension. This condition affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary Hypertension Causes

Pulmonary hypertension is caused by changes in the cells that line the pulmonary arteries. These changes cause the walls of the arteries to become stiff and thick, extra tissue may also form. This can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels. Increased blood pressure is then caused because it is harder for blood to flow. Pulmonary hypertension can be an associated condition with scleroderma, sarcoidosis, pulmonary embolism, and dermatomyositis.

Pulmonary Hypertension Symptoms

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may not present themselves for months or years. Later on, symptoms become worse. Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include:
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Chest pain or pressure
Swelling in the ankles, legs, and abdomen
Bluish color to the lips and skin
Racing pulse or heart palpitations

Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment

Pulmonary hypertension cannot be cured, but treatments are available to improve symptoms and slow the progression. The following are treatments available for pulmonary hypertension:
Blood vessel dilators (vasodilators)
Endothelin receptor antagonists
Sildenafil and tadalafil
High-dose calcium channel blockers
Soluble guanylate cyclase (SGC) stimulator
Anticoagulants
Digoxin
Diuretics
Oxygen Atrial septostomy (open-heart surgery) and transplantation are surgical treatments that may control pulmonary hypertension, if medications are unsuccessful.

High Blood Pressure Causes by Race


African-Americans are at greater risk of developing hypertension than people of other races. African-Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and have more difficulty achieving blood pressure goals. Some studies suggest that African-Americans may be more sensitive to salt than other races. For those who are genetically prone to salt sensitivity, a small amount (half-teaspoon) of salt can raise blood pressure by 5 mm Hg. Dietary factors and being overweight can also raise blood pressure.

Causes by Sodium


Sodium, a chemical found in salt, raises blood pressure by promoting the retention of fluid by the body. This increases the workload on the heart. The American Heart Association recommends an upper daily limit for sodium consumption of 1,500 mg. Checking food labels and menus can help you calculate how much sodium you are consuming. Processed foods are particularly high in sodium and make up about 75% of our sodium intake. Among these, lunch meats and canned soups have some of the highest levels of dietary sodium.

Causes by Stress


Stress leads to temporary elevations of blood pressure, but there is no proof that stress causes ongoing high blood pressure. Stress may have an indirect effect on blood pressure since it can influence other risk factors for heart disease. People who are under stress tend to engage more in unhealthy habits like poor nutrition, alcohol use, and smoking, all of which can play a role in the development of high blood pressure and heart disease.

Causes by Weight


Being overweight increases the risk of getting hypertension and increases the workload required of your heart. Diets designed to control blood pressure are often designed to reduce calories as well. Most of these diets require decreasing consumption of fatty foods and sugars while increasing your intake of lean protein, fiber, fruits, and vegetables. A weight loss of just 10 pounds can make a significant difference in your blood pressure.

Causes by Alcohol


Drinking too much alcohol is a risk factor for high blood pressure. The American Heart Association guidelines recommend the consumption of no more than two alcoholic drinks per day for men and no more than one drink a day for women. One drink is defined as one 12-ounce beer, 4 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of 80-proof spirits, or 1 ounce of 100-proof spirits. Adults who consume more than three drinks in one sitting temporarily increase their blood pressure. However, binge drinking can lead to long-term increased blood pressure.

Causes by Caffeine


Caffeine can bring on the jitters, but there is no evidence that it can cause long-term hypertension. However, a caffeinated beverage might bring on a temporary rise in blood pressure. It is possible that caffeine could block a hormone that helps keep arteries widened, which causes blood pressure to rise. It is also possible that caffeine causes adrenal glands to release more adrenaline, causing blood pressure to increase. The exact reason why caffeine causes increased blood pressure is unknown.

High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy


Women who do not have high blood pressure before pregnancy may develop gestational hypertension or preeclampsia during pregnancy. Gestational hypertension is high blood pressure that develops in pregnancy. Gestational hypertension generally develops after week 20 of pregnancy. If not properly managed, it may develop into preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is elevated blood pressure and the leakage of protein into the urine by the kidneys. Preeclampsia can be dangerous to both mother and baby. High blood pressure during pregnancy may lead to decreased blood flow to the placenta, placental abruption, premature delivery, or future cardiovascular disease. After the baby is born, high blood pressure during pregnancy usually returns to normal levels.

Causes by Medication


Certain medications contain ingredients that can elevate blood pressure. Cold and flu medications that contain decongestants are one example of drugs that raise blood pressure. Other kinds of medicines that can raise blood pressure are steroids, diet pills, birth control pills, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), pain relief medications, and some antidepressants. Talk to your doctor about the medications or supplements you are taking that might affect your blood pressure.

What Is Portal Hypertension?


The portal venous system contains veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas. These veins merge into the portal vein, which branches into smaller vessels and travel through the liver. Portal hypertension occurs when there is an increase in the blood pressure within the portal venous system. When the vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood cannot flow properly through the liver. This causes high blood pressure in the portal system.

Portal Hypertension Causes

Cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of portal hypertension. In cirrhosis, the scar tissue (from the healing of liver injury caused by hepatitis, alcohol, or other liver damage) blocks the flow of blood through the liver. Blood clots in the portal vein, blockages of the veins that carry blood from the liver to the heart, parasitic infection (schistosomiasis), and focal nodular hyperplasia are also causes of portal hypertension.

Portal Hypertension Symptoms

Symptoms of portal hypertension include the following:
Gastrointestinal bleeding, which can cause black, tarry stools or blood in stools, or vomiting of blood
Ascites (fluid in the abdomen)
Encephalopathy or confusion
Reduced levels of platelets (blood cells that help form blood clots)

Portal Hypertension Treatment

There is no treatment available for the causes of portal hypertension. However, treatment can prevent or manage the complications. Diet, medication (nonselective beta-blockers), endoscopic therapy, surgery, and radiology procedures can all help in treating or preventing symptoms of portal hypertension. If these treatments are unsuccessful in treating symptoms, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) or distal splenorenal shunt (DSRA) are two procedures that may reduce pressure in the portal veins. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle may help to prevent portal hypertension.

What Is High Blood Pressure in Children


Although it's most common in older adults, hypertension can also affect children. The normal blood pressure for a child is dependent upon the child’s age, gender, and height. Your doctor can tell if your child’s blood pressure is abnormal. Children are at higher risk for hypertension if they are overweight, African-American, or if they have a family history of the condition. Children with high blood pressure may benefit from the DASH diet and taking medications. Children with high blood pressure should also maintain a healthy weight and avoid tobacco smoke.

How to Lower Blood Pressure: The DASH Diet


Dietary changes can help control blood pressure. One diet designed to promote lower blood pressure is known as the DASH diet. This stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. The DASH diet recommends eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, nuts, and fish. Red meat, saturated fats, and sweets should be avoided. The DASH diet can lower blood pressure within 2 weeks. It can also help to reduce your intake of sodium. The following is the DASH diet suggested daily intake:
7-8 servings of grain
4-5 servings of vegetables
4-5 servings of fruits
2-3 servings of low-fat or fat-free dairy products
2-3 servings of fats and oils
2 or less servings of meat, poultry, and fish On the DASH diet, nuts, seeds, and dry beans should be limited to 4-5 servings per week. Sweets should be limited to less than 5 servings per week.

How to Lower Blood Pressure: Exercise


Exercise is another lifestyle factor that can lower blood pressure. It’s recommended that adults get about 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise. This can include cardiovascular exercises such as walking, bicycling, gardening, or other aerobic exercise. Muscle-strengthening activities are recommended at least twice a week and stretching makes you more flexible and helps prevent injuries. Check with your doctor if you are currently inactive and want to start exercising. Make exercise fun by doing activities you enjoy or find an exercise buddy to join you!

What Is Diuretics Medication?


If diet and exercise are not sufficient to lower blood pressure, the first medications recommended are often diuretics or so-called "water pills." These reduce sodium and fluid levels in the body to lower blood pressure. Taking diuretics means you will urinate more frequently. Sometimes, diuretics deplete potassium levels as well, which can lead to muscle weakness, leg cramps, and tiredness. Other side effects of diuretics can include elevated blood sugars in people with diabetes. Less commonly, erectile dysfunction can occur.

Natural Diuretics

Dandelion, ginger, parsley, hawthorn, and juniper may have a diuretic effect that can reduce sodium and water retention, which helps lower blood pressure. It is very important to consult with your doctor before taking any natural diuretics. Certain herbs and supplements may actually worsen your medical problems.

What Is Beta-blockers Medication?


Beta-blockers are another drug used to treat hypertension. They block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart. This reduces the workload of the heart by requiring less blood and oxygen, which slows the heart rate. They can be used to treat other conditions as well, including abnormal heart rate (arrhythmia).

Beta-Blocker Side Effects

Side effects of beta-blockers can include the following:
Dizziness
Insomnia
Fatigue
Cold feet and hands
Erectile dysfunction
Slow heartbeat
Edema (swelling in ankles, feet, or legs)
Trouble breathing
Depression

What Is ACE Inhibitors Medication?


ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors are another class of antihypertensive drugs. They reduce the body’s levels of angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels. This means that arteries are more open (dilated) and the blood pressure is lower. ACE inhibitors can be used alone, or with other medications such as diuretics. Side effects of ACE inhibitors can include skin rash, dry cough, dizziness, and elevated potassium levels. Women who are pregnant, planning to get pregnant, or breastfeeding should not take ACE inhibitors.

What Is ARBs Medication?


Angiotensin receptor blockers prevent the actions of angiotensin II on the arteries. This means the arteries stay more open and blood pressure is lowered. ARBs can take a few weeks to work. Side effects can include dizziness, muscle cramps, insomnia, and elevated potassium levels. As with ACE inhibitors, women who are pregnant, planning to get pregnant, or breastfeeding should not take ARBs.

What Is Calcium Channel Blockers Medication?


Calcium channel blockers are drugs that reduce the movement of calcium into cells of the heart and vessels. This reduces the strength of heart contractions and relaxes the arteries, allowing them to remain more open, lowering blood pressure. Side effects of calcium channel blockers can include heart palpitations, dizziness, swollen ankles, and constipation. Calcium channel blockers can be taken alone or with other blood pressure medications. They should be taken with food or milk. Because of potential interactions, those taking calcium channel blockers should avoid alcohol and grapefruit juice.

Other Medications


There are even more medication types that can lower blood pressure. Some of these are alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central alpha agonists. Your doctor may prescribe these medications if other medications have been ineffective or if you have another condition along with hypertension. Side effects can include fast pulse, palpitations, dizziness, diarrhea, or headaches.

Home Remedies and Treatment


It has been shown that meditation and other relaxation techniques can help lower blood pressure. Yoga, tai chi, and breathing exercises can also help reduce blood pressure. It’s best when these are combined with changes in diet and exercise. Tell your doctor if you are taking any herbal remedies, since some of these preparations can actually raise blood pressure or interact with your blood pressure medications. The following are supplements that may lower blood pressure:
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
Omega-3 fatty acids
Amino acids
Tips for Living With High Blood Pressure Patient

Hypertension often lasts a lifetime, so following a careful management plan is essential. Keeping your blood pressure under control can lower your risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure and can improve your quality of life. The following are tips to manage your blood pressure:
Take blood pressure medicine, if prescribed to you
Increase physical activity (at least 30 minutes five days a week)
Maintain a healthy weight
Read nutrition labels and consume low salt and sodium foods
Eat more fruits, vegetables, grains, and low-fat dairy
Limit alcohol consumption

SOURCE:MedicineNet
Reviewed By: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Reviewed on 12/5/2017